Epinephelus insularis Nakamura & Motomura, 2021
Pacifc insular grouper;
photo by Motomura, H.

Family:  Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Max. size:  52.8 cm SL (male/unsexed)
Environment:  reef-associated; marine; depth range 120 - 300 m
Distribution:  Western Pacifc: southern Japan to Timor Sea (Scott Reef, Western Australia); including the South China Sea, Indonesia, Micronesia and New Caledonia.
Diagnosis:  Dorsal spines (total): 11-11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 16-17; Anal spines: 3-3; Anal soft rays: 8-8. This species is distinguished by the following set of characters: D XI,16 (rarely XI,17); A III,8; pectoral-fin rays 18; lateral-line scales 48-52 (modally 48 and 50); longitudinal scale series 114-132 (120 and 128); total gill rakers 21-24 (22); body deep, its depth 30.7-42.7 (mean 35.3) % SL; the 1st to 3rd dorsal-fn spine lengths gradually increasing, 3rd or 4th (rarely 5th) spine longest; anal-fin posterior margin is rounded; caudal fin truncate, the posterior margin with narrow white line; head, body, and all fins have small polygonal brown spots (smaller than pupil, expanded on head and body undersurface) on pale background, forming a reticulate pattern; pectoral fin is brown, with its margin yellow when fresh (brownish in preserved specimens) (Ref. 123820)..
Biology: 
IUCN Red List Status: Not Evaluated (N.E.) Ref. (130435)
Threat to humans:  harmless


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