Main Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
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Remarks | Common on sand bottoms near rocky substrata or coral reefs, in very shallow water. Usually in small groups (Ref. 9947). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | : sand; |
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Substrate Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1997 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.54 | 0.60 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |