Main Ref. | Laroche, J.L., 1982 |
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Remarks | In the Barents Sea usually between 100 to 200 m at temperatures of 1°-3°C and salinities not less than 34 ppt; in the White Sea in somewhat shallower waters at temperatures between 6-12°C and salinities of 23-29 ppt. Prefers sandy bottoms (Ref. 7297). Benthic to epibenthic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on polychaetes and crustaceans (Ref. 35388). The larval stage feed on zooplankton (Ref.). Parasite found was Phocanema decipiens (sealworm) (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Laroche, J.L., 1982 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.45 | 0.45 | 3.33 | 0.35 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.13 | 0.29 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |