Main Ref. | Compagno, L.J.V., 1984 |
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Remarks | Found on the continental and insular shelves, often occurring in shallow water close inshore. Prefers estuaries and shallow bays, especially sandy and algal-covered areas and eelgrass flats. Feeds on small fishes and probably crustaceans and other benthic invertebrates. Often solitary, though some may cluster in resting areas on bottom (Ref. 244). Also in Ref. 9137. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Compagno, L.J.V., 1984 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Compagno, L.J.V., 1984 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.81 | 0.20 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 3.85 | 0.75 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Kamura, S. and H. Hashimoto, 2004 |