Main Ref. | Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1986 |
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Remarks | Found usually near the bottom, at times also in surface waters; pelagic and migratory in large schools. Feeds on other fishes especially sardines, anchovies, etc. and small crustaceans (Ref. 4233). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1986 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.77 | 0.27 | 3.56 | 0.39 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.37 | 0.43 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Kyrtatos, N.A., 1998 |