Main Ref. | Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel, 1984 |
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Remarks | Juveniles benthic over soft bottoms or near coral reefs (Ref. 12951) from 10-150 m; adults are semi-pelagic to pelagic, swimming in the water column and have been reported to migrate over long distances (Ref. 2803). Feeds mainly on pelagic and benthic bony fishes, small sharks (Ref. 5578) and benthic crustaceans (Ref. 58748). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale, 1989 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale, 1989 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.50 | 0.64 | 4.45 | 0.77 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 4.50 | 0.80 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |