Main Ref. | Sulak, K.J., 1990 |
---|---|
Remarks | Primarily in insular waters (Ref. 4964), on sand and sand-rock bottoms (Ref. 6808). Feeds mainly on other fishes, but may also prey on other animals. It is primarily associated with soft-bottom substrate. Highly mobile predator capable of swimming more than five meters to capture its prey (Ref. 57071). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | Soft Bottom |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | Brito, A., 1991 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
---|---|
Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Göthel, H., 1992 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Göthel, H., 1992 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.49 | 0.79 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 4.32 | 0.77 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Soares, M.S.C., L. Sousa and J.P. Barreiros, 2003 |