Main Ref. | Tortonese, E., 1986 |
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Remarks | Occurs on the shelf to about 150 m, on rocks and Posidonia beds. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Guidetti, P. and R. Cattaneo-Vietti, 2002 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Tortonese, E., 1986 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Tortonese, E., 1986 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.82 | 0.28 | 3.73 | 0.55 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.58 | 0.52 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Khoury, C., 1984 |