Main Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
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Remarks | Inhabits outer reef slopes and offshore banks to 160 m or more (Ref. 26235); also found in coral reefs (Ref. 58534). Adults are pelagic and demersal (Ref. 9283). Young often seen around floating objects (Ref. 4887, 48635). Feeds mainly on fishes, but also on invertebrates. Piscivore (Refs. 57615, 127989). Macro-carnivore (Ref. 126840). Feeds during the day and at night (diurnal and nocturnal) (Ref. 4887). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Golani, D., E. Azurro, J. Dulčić, E. Massutí and L. Orsi-Relini, 2021 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs: reef slope/drop-offs; Other habitats: deep-water corals; |
Special habitats Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2006 |
Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
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Associations | solitary; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Forms small groups (Ref. 26235) or solitary (Ref. 4887). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.45 | 0.66 | 4.37 | 0.73 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.50 | 0.78 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Barreiros, J.P., T. Morato, R.S. Santos and A.E. de Borba, 2003 |