| 主要參考文獻 | Hart, J.L., 1973 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Form schools in open water along steeply sloping shores or above rocky reefs; also holes up amid cracks and crevices of the sea floor (Ref. 27436). Juveniles found around floats and pilings (Ref. 27436). Feed on pelagic crustaceans, fishes and squids (Ref. 6885). Viviparous (Ref. 34817). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Hard Bottom; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| 參考文獻 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Hart, J.L., 1973 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Rosenthal, R.J., V.M. O'Connell and M.C. Murphy, 1988 |
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 4.15 | 0.55 | 3.97 | 0.61 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
| 從個別的食物項目 | 3.51 | 0.39 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 參考文獻 | Rosenthal, R.J., V.M. O'Connell and M.C. Murphy, 1988 | ||||