Main Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
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Remarks | Solitary and sedentary. Common among rocks and algae. Feeds on small fishes (gobies, blennies), crustaceans and other invertebrates (Ref. 4570). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | : rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | Unsworth, R.K., L.M. Nordlund and L.C. Cullen-Unsworth, 2018 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.92 | 0.17 | 3.88 | 0.62 | Troph of juv./adults from 9 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.78 | 0.83 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Harmelin-Vivien, M.L., R.A. Kaim-Malka, M. Ledoyer and S.S. Jacob-Abraham, 1989 |