Main Ref. | Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993 |
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Remarks | Found more commonly in offshore, open waters away from reefs and shoals (Ref. 30199). Spotted mackerel are a continental shelf pelagic schooling species preferring the clear oceanic-influenced waters (Ref. 30572). Juvenile fish have the same distribution as adults (Ref. 30572). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Begg, G.A. and G.A. Hopper, 1997 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Williams, L.E. (ed.), 1997 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.32 | 0.76 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |