Main Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
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Remarks | Occurs in coastal waters (Ref. 9340) and also in oceanic waters (Ref. 9563). Schooling (by size) begins in the postlarval and juvenile stages. They are plankton feeders filtering copepods and other crustaceans, but adults also feed on small fish and squids. Also caught with encircling nets (Ref. 9340). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.23 | 0.49 | 3.97 | 0.60 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 4.08 | 0.55 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Fujita, T., D. Kitagawa, Y. Okuyama, Y. Ishito, T. Inada and Y. Jin, 1995 |