Main Ref. | Venkata Subba Rao, K., 1981 |
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Remarks | Indo-west Pacific Region, in sandy or muddy areas (Ref. 9137). Found on the sublittoral zone above 100 m over sand or mud bottoms of coastal waters (Ref. 11228, 11230); also inhabits coral reefs (Ref. 58534). Occurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf and slope (Ref. 75154). Feeds on fishes (Ref. 26908), (anchovy and red mullet Mullus surmuletus), crustaceans, and other invertebrates (Ref. 5213). A carnivore (Ref. 9137). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | Hoese, D.F., D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton and G.R. Allen, 2006 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Venkata Subba Rao, K., 1981 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.46 | 0.38 | 4.18 | 0.62 | Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.25 | 0.79 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Venkata Subba Rao, K., 1981 |