Ecology Summary - Sardina pilchardus

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Main Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985
Remarks	Undergoes diel vertical migration, going deeper during the day and rising near the surface at night. Littoral species (Ref. 6808). Spawn in the open sea or near the coast, producing 50,000-60,000 eggs with a diameter of 1.5 mm (Ref. 35388). Forms schools, usually at depths of 25 to 55 or even 100 m by day, rising to 10 to 35 m at night. Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans, also on larger organisms. Stomach fullness and color indices were used to determine feeding intensity and food quality of juveniles and adult sardines (Ref. 55906).

Main Ref.

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985

Remarks

Undergoes diel vertical migration, going deeper during the day and rising near the surface at night. Littoral species (Ref. 6808). Spawn in the open sea or near the coast, producing 50,000-60,000 eggs with a diameter of 1.5 mm (Ref. 35388). Forms schools, usually at depths of 25 to 55 or even 100 m by day, rising to 10 to 35 m at night. Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans, also on larger organisms. Stomach fullness and color indices were used to determine feeding intensity and food quality of juveniles and adult sardines (Ref. 55906).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Sardina pilchardus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Acuan
Associations	schooling;
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79)
Feeding type Ref.	Costalago, D. and I. Palomera, 2014
Feeding habit	selective plankton feeding
Feeding habit Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	3.06	0.10	3.04	0.15	Troph of juv./adults from 1 study.
From individual food items	2.94	0.21			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Acuan	Sever, T.M., B. Bayhan and E. Taskavak, 2005

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