Main Ref. | McEachran, J.D. and B. Séret, 1990 |
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Remarks | Found in tropical to warm temperate coastal waters, but absent from islands of western Pacific. Often forming large groups swimming near the surface and quite destructive of commercial oyster and clam beds. Feeds on bottom-living molluscs, crustaceans and fishes. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | McEachran, J.D. and B. Séret, 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | McEachran, J.D. and B. Séret, 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.84 | 0.60 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |