Main Ref. | Stehmann, M., 1990 |
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Remarks | Inhabits inshore coastal waters to moderate depth, also around offlying islands. Found also in estuaries, lagoons, river mouths, and even freshwater. Feeds on fishes and bottom-living animals. Ovoviviparous. Freshwater populations occur to about 750 km up Amazon River; populations in Lake Nicaragua may be nonmigratory (Ref. 7251) |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Stehmann, M., 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Stehmann, M., 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.97 | 0.60 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |