| Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Found on coral reefs and rocky bottoms (Ref. 3800). Forms small aggregations near the bottom (Ref. 10786). A nocturnal feeder (Ref. 5521). Feeds mainly on small fishes, crustaceans and polychaetes (Ref. 3800, 37413); planktonic and benthic organisms (Ref. 33, 26338). Most of its prey are larvae. Mobile invertebrate feeder (Ref. 126840). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Coral Reefs; Other habitats: deep-water corals; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Simon, T., H.T. Pinheiro, R.L. Moura, A. Carvalho-Filho, L.A. Rocha, A.S. Martins, E. Mazzei, R.B. Francini-Filho, G.M. Amado-Filho and J.-C. Joyeux, 2016 |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | da Silva Monteiro, V.M., 1998 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.04 | 4.01 | 0.22 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
| From individual food items | 3.62 | 0.53 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||