Main Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
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Remarks | Occurs in coastal waters, over sand, rock or mud bottoms (Ref. 13608). Juveniles found near the shore, associated with Thalassia beds (Ref. 9626). Also found in brackish water (Ref. 3798). Feeds on crustaceans, mollusks, polychaete worms, fishes, and other invertebrates. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Cervigón, F., 1993 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Cervigón, F., 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.58 | 0.24 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 3.60 | 0.53 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |