| Rif. principale. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
|---|---|
| Osservazioni | Found inshore, usually along sandy beaches, in bays and inlets (Ref. 9283). Enters estuaries and freshwater (Ref. 9283). Prefers turbid water (Ref. 9283). Occurs in schools, usually large and fast moving, often leaping out of the water (Ref. 9283). Juveniles may float at the surface with tail bent and head down. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 9283). Its dorsal and anal spines are connected to venomous glands that can inflict painful wounds (Ref. 9283). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrato | : sand; |
|---|---|
| Substrato Rif. | |
| Habitat speciali | Coral Reefs; |
| Habitat speciali Rif. |
| Fonte Biblio. | Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995 |
|---|---|
| Associazioni | schooling; |
| Associato a | Scale-eating behavior was suggested to originate from opportunistic foraging on other fishes (cleaning) (Ref. 28733). Mutilators feeding on larger fishes' scales (Ref. 40396). |
| Osservazioni dell'associazione | |
| Parassitismo |
| Tipo di alimentazione | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Tipo di alimentazione Rif. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Abitudini alimentari | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Abitudini alimentari Rif. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Estimation method | Campione originale | Popolazione non pescata | Commento | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Dalla composizione della dieta | 4.33 | 0.53 | 4.27 | 0.69 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| Da singoli alimenti | 3.53 | 0.52 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Fonte Biblio. | Duque-Nivia, G., A. Acero, A. Santos-Martinez and E. Rubio, 1996 | ||||