Main Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
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Remarks | Occur inshore (Ref. 75154). Feed during the day and at night (nocturnal and diurnal). Form schools during the day. Juveniles common in shallow sandy areas during late summer (Ref. 4887). Coastal. Dwells in shallow waters associated with sandy substrates, in lagoons, bays and inner reefs. Forms groups above coral reefs during daylight but feeds at night. Feeds on small crustaceans, amphipods, copepods, and small crabs (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs: lagoons; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.84 | 0.32 | 3.21 | 0.30 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.70 | 0.39 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Wahbeh, M.I., 1992 |