| Main Ref. | Grabe, S.A., 1978 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Found in coastal, brackish and fresh water, landlocked in several lakes. Feeds mostly on small crustaceans, (especially shrimps and amphipods); also worms, small mollusks, squids and fishes (smelt, sticklebacks, striped bass, alewives, shed, herring and sculpins (Ref. 5951)) (Ref. 1371). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Parasites of the species include 1 protozoan, 1 myxosporidian, 2 trematodes, 1 cestode, 3 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans, 1 branchiuran and 3 copepods (Ref. 5951). |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Grabe, S.A., 1978 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.26 | 0.50 | |||
| From individual food items | 3.81 | 0.50 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Grabe, S.A., 1978 | ||||