Ecology Summary - Makaira nigricans

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Main Ref.	Nakamura, I., 1985
Remarks	Oceanic species. Water color affects its occurrence, at least in the northern Gulf of Mexico, where the fish show preference for blue water. Rarely gathers in schools and usually found as scattered single individuals. Feeds mostly in near-surface waters but sometimes takes food in relatively deep water as is shown by the presence of deep sea fishes as Pseudoscopelus in the stomachs of specimens caught off Puerto Rico.

Main Ref.

Nakamura, I., 1985

Remarks

Oceanic species. Water color affects its occurrence, at least in the northern Gulf of Mexico, where the fish show preference for blue water. Rarely gathers in schools and usually found as scattered single individuals. Feeds mostly in near-surface waters but sometimes takes food in relatively deep water as is shown by the presence of deep sea fishes as Pseudoscopelus in the stomachs of specimens caught off Puerto Rico.

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Makaira nigricans may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Nakamura, I., 1985
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Nakamura, I., 1985

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	4.49	0.29	4.50	0.71	Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies.
From individual food items	4.39	0.63			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Júnior, T.V., C.M. Vooren and R.P. Lessa, 2004

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