Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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Remarks | Found over all types of bottom, but mainly around coral reefs and on vegetated sandy areas. In turbid as well as clear water (Ref. 9710). Often forms large aggregations, especially during the breeding season. Feeds at night on small fishes, bottom-living crabs, shrimps, worms, gastropods and cephalopods and other benthic invertebrates (Ref. 26338). Carnivore (Ref. 57616). Predominantly inhabits mangroves (Ref. 128694). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; |
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Substrate Ref. | Harper, L.M., J.S. Lefcheck, R. Whippo, M.S. Jones, Z. Foltz and J.E. Duffy, 2022 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.82 | 0.19 | 3.82 | 0.62 | Troph of juv./adults from 6 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.66 | 0.80 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | RodrÃguez Pino, Z., 1962 |