Main Ref. | Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott, 1988 |
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Remarks | Inhabits continental shelf, occurring deeper in southern parts of range (Ref. 7251). Preferred depth ranges were given as 73-90 and 128-144 m, temperatures of 6-10°C and salinities of 33-34 ppt. Feeds on herring, sand lance, alewives, menhaden, smelt, cod, haddock, mackerel, cunner, striped bass, sculpins, sea ravens, flounders, skates, crabs, squid, other molluscs, starfish, marine worms and seabirds. Parasites of the species include 1 protozoan, 6 trematodes and the larvae of the nematode Phocanema sp. (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Acuan | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.51 | 0.30 | 4.34 | 0.66 | Troph of adults from 4 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.49 | 0.91 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Acuan | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |