Main Ref. | Tortonese, E., 1990 |
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Remarks | A sluggish offshore fish that often floats on its side near the surface in the company of floating objects. Occasionally drifts over reefs. The young resemble leaves. Feeds on benthic crustaceans and small fish. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sommer, C., W. Schneider and J.-M. Poutiers, 1996 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Sommer, C., W. Schneider and J.-M. Poutiers, 1996 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.04 | 0.47 | 3.97 | 0.66 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 4.16 | 0.78 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Franks, J.S., K.E. VanderKooy and N.M. Garber, 2003 |