Main Ref. | Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin, 1993 |
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Remarks | Occurs on continental shelf, along its edge and upper slope down to 400 m (600 m in Australia), usually over sandy and muddy bottoms from 100 to 250 m (over 300 m in Australia). Depth range from 333-620 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504). Migrates into midwater at night. Forms schools; occasionally found inshore in upwelling of deep water when it appears at surface. Feeds on crustaceans, small squid and fish (Ref. 6768). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin, 1993 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin, 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.82 | 0.27 | 3.95 | 0.73 | Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.12 | 0.79 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Macpherson, E., 1979 |