Main Ref. | Eccles, D.H., 1992 |
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Remarks | Pelagic species closely associated with sardines on which it depends (Ref. 4967). Spawns throughout the year from 20 cm TL. Young (15-20 cm TL) migrate towards the southern boundaries of the lake (Burundi) and return to the northern coasts to reproduce. Young (<7 cm) feed mainly on zooplankton (e.g. Mesocyclops sp.), as well as on shrimps (Limnocardina sp. ) (Refs. 11252, 52862). Adults from 15 cm TL are strictly piscivorous on small clupeids. Cannibalism also occurs in this species (Ref. 11252). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Palomares, M.L.D., 1991 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.27 | 0.30 | 3.95 | 0.57 | Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.09 | 0.71 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Mannini, P., I. Katonda, B. Kissaka and P. Berburg, 1999 |