Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1985 |
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Remarks | In rocky and coral reefs (Ref. 9137). Found around exposed seaward reefs of isolated high islands such as the northernmost Mariana and Bonin Is. Feeds on algae (Sargassum and Turbinaria. Valued as a food fish but not in Hawaii (Ref. 3921). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly plants/detritus (troph. 2-2.19) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Kuiter, R.H., 1993 |
Feeding habit | grazing on aquatic plants |
Feeding habit Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
From individual food items | 2.56 | 0.24 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Clements, K.D. and J.H. Choat, 1997 |