Main Ref. | Nakamura, I., 1985 |
---|---|
Remarks | Usually found in the upper layers of warm water above the thermocline, but also capable of descending to rather deep water. Often migrate into near-shore waters. Occasionally form schools or smaller groups of 3 to 30 individuals, but often occur in loose aggregations over a wide area. Feed mainly on small pelagic fishes but also takes bottom-dwelling organisms. Females grow larger (Ref. 4770). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
---|---|
Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Nakamura, I., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Nakamura, I., 1985 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.50 | 0.42 | 4.37 | 0.67 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.42 | 0.73 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | JĂșnior, T.V., C.M. Vooren and R.P. Lessa, 2004 |