Main Ref. | Nakamura, Y., M. Horinouchi, T. Nakai and M. Sano, 2003 |
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Remarks | Inhabits more turbid and estuarine situations than does Hyporhamphus dussumieri and is not found in oceanic islands (Ref. 9843). May enter rivers (Ref. 559). Found in medium to large-sized rivers of the lower Mekong (Ref. 12975); also inhabits coral reefs (Ref. 58534). Occurs in schools (Ref. 3132). Showed an ontogenetic trophic shift the smallest individuals are carnivores that pass through a brief period as omnivores before achieving the adult trophic habit of herbivory (Ref. 57260). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | Allen, G.R. and R. Swainston, 1988 |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Weliange, W.S. and U.S. Amarasinghe, 2007 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Weliange, W.S. and U.S. Amarasinghe, 2007 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.02 | 0.00 | 3.01 | 0.21 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 2.86 | 0.31 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Weliange, W.S. and U.S. Amarasinghe, 2007 |