Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1985 |
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Remarks | Occur in coral-rich areas of lagoon and seaward reefs from depths of 1 m to at least 36 m. Prefer very shallow depth and juveniles often in intertidal zones (Ref. 30404). In subtropical regions (Ref. 9137); benthic (Ref. 58302). Often seen hunting during low tide among partly exposed reefs (Ref. 48635). Feed mainly on fishes, also on crustaceans, by day and probably also at night (Ref. 3921, 13550). Caught with various nets (Ref. 30573). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Parrish, J.D., J.E. Norris, M.W. Callahan, J.K. Callahan, E.J. Magarifuji and R.E. Schroeder, 1986 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.28 | 0.68 | |||
From individual food items | 3.98 | 0.70 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Parrish, J.D., J.E. Norris, M.W. Callahan, J.K. Callahan, E.J. Magarifuji and R.E. Schroeder, 1986 |