Ecology Summary - Gadus morhua
Ecologia de Gadus morhua
 
Ref. principal Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990
Notas Opportunistic predator that forages mainly at dawn and dusk (Refs. 1371, 46189). Larvae feed mainly on zooplankton while juveniles prey predominantly on benthic crustaceans; adults feed mainly on zoobenthos and fish (Refs. 5743, 9604, 26813) including juvenile cod. Fish prey becomes more common in the diet with increasing body size (Refs. 1371, 89387). Adults may cover large distances during the feeding period (Ref. 89387). Young cod are also preyed upon by different fish species and octopus. Adult cod are prey items of top predators like sharks, rays, whales, dolphins, seals, and sea birds (Refs. 9023, 9581, 26954, 43651, 45735). In the Baltic it grows up to 5 kg weight in 7-8 years; in the North Sea it reaches 8 kg in the same time span . Natural mortality for adults of both stocks is assumed to be around M=0.2, resulting in a mean adult life expectancy and mean duration of the reproductive phase of 5 years (Ref. 88171). Parasites of the species include protozoans (trypanosome), myxosporidians, monogeneid, trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalan, hirudinid and copepods (Ref. 5951).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Marine - Neritic Marine - Oceanic Brackishwater Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies
  • zona supra-litoral
  • zona litoral
  • zona sublitoral
  • epipelágico
  • mesopelágico
  • epipelágico
  • abissalpelágico
  • hadopelágico
  • Estuários/lagunas/áreas estuarinas
  • mangais
  • pântanos
  • rios/correntes
  • lagos/lagoas
  • Grutas
  • exclusivamente
Highighted items on the list are where Gadus morhua may be found.

Habitat

Substrato Soft Bottom Hard Bottom: rocky;
Substrato Ref.
Special habitats Beds: sea grass;
Habitats especiais Ref.

Associações

Ref.
Associações schooling;
Associado a
Observações da associação Generally considered a demersal fish although its habitat may become pelagic under certain hydrographic conditions when feeding or spawning. There is some evidence that cod leave the bottom and school pelagically to spawn in preferred temperatures when bottom tempetatures are unsuitable. Gregarious during the day, forming compact schools that swim between 30-80 m above the bottom, and scatter at night (Ref. 1371). Schooling behavior may be adaptive for feeding. Reproductive behavior during spawning involves the circling of a female often by only one male per spawning bout (Ref. 86779).
Parasitism

Alimentação

Tipo de alimentação mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Tipo de alimentação Ref. Nordeide, J.T. and J.H. Fosså, 1992
Hábito alimentar hunting macrofauna (predator)
Hábito alimentar Ref. Nordeide, J.T. and J.H. Fosså, 1992
Trophic Level(s)
Estimation method Amostra original População virgem (não pescada) Nota
Troph s.e. Troph s.e.
Da composição da dieta 4.09 0.18 4.34 0.72 Troph of adults from 7 studies.
Dos itens alimentares individuais 4.29 1.00 Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref. dos Santos, J. and S. Falk-Petersen, 1989
(ex. 9948)
(ex. oophagy)
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