| อ้างอิงหลัก | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
|---|---|
| ข้อสังเกต | Like other scombrids, E. affinis tend to form multispecies schools by size especially with small T. albacares, K. pelamis, Auxis sp. and M. cordyla comprising from 100 to over 5,000 individuals (Also Ref. 9773). But during certain periods of the year, there is a tendency for the fish to remain scattered (Ref. 168). Kawakawa is piscivorous. Most important prey items of the immature smaller E. affinis were the larval anchovy and lanternfish while the matured fish Decapterus spp and Scomber australicus (Ref. 53677). A strong swimmer and a highly migratory species (Ref. 128523). Epipelagic. Feeds on small pelagic fishes, squids and large planktonic organisms (Ref. 9773). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Pelagic; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| อ้างอิง | |
|---|---|
| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | Thunnus albacares; Katsuwonus pelamis; Auxis thazard. |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| วิธีการให้อาหาร | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
| นิสัยในการกินอาหาร | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
| Estimation method | ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม | ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง | ข้อสังเกต | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร | 4.50 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |||
| จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด | 4.35 | 0.77 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| อ้างอิง | Chiou, W.-D., L.-Z. Cheng and K.-W. Chen, 2004 | ||||