Ecology Summary - Elops machnata

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Main Ref.	Thollot, P., 1996
Remarks	Occurs in coastal waters, but enters lagoons and estuaries (Ref. 4832). Young and adults feed on small fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 5213). Probably spawn at sea, but the transparent larvae migrate to inshore areas and are often found in brackish water (Ref. 7050). Are voracious carnivores that take fish, squid and shrimp bait (Ref. 3968). Pelagic. Inhabits coastal waters, lagoons and estuaries. Reportedly forms large adult shoals when breeding. Nocturnal predator. Feeds on small fishes and shrimp (Ref. 9773).

Main Ref.

Thollot, P., 1996

Remarks

Occurs in coastal waters, but enters lagoons and estuaries (Ref. 4832). Young and adults feed on small fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 5213). Probably spawn at sea, but the transparent larvae migrate to inshore areas and are often found in brackish water (Ref. 7050). Are voracious carnivores that take fish, squid and shrimp bait (Ref. 3968). Pelagic. Inhabits coastal waters, lagoons and estuaries. Reportedly forms large adult shoals when breeding. Nocturnal predator. Feeds on small fishes and shrimp (Ref. 9773).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Elops machnata may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Pelagic;
Substrate Ref.	Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations	shoaling;
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Fischer, W., I. Sousa, C. Silva, A. de Freitas, J.M. Poutiers, W. Schneider, T.C. Borges, J.P. Feral and A. Massinga, 1990
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Smith, M.M., 1986

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	3.97	0.31	3.84	0.58	Troph of adults from 4 studies.
From individual food items	3.86	0.61			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Marais, J.F.K., 1984

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