Main Ref. | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 |
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Remarks | Forms schools of up to 100 individuals which remain at a fixed position in the water column (Ref. 13780). A euryhaline species inhabiting rocky and sometimes sandy bottoms to depths of 160 m, but more commonly in less than 50 m. The young are sometimes found in seagrass beds. Feeds on crustaceans, worms and mollusks (Ref. 3688). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | FAO EastMed Project, 2013 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.52 | 0.12 | 3.22 | 0.34 | Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.34 | 0.45 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 |