Main Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
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Remarks | Inhabits gravel and rubble riffles of medium to large rivers and rocky shores of lakes (Ref. 5723). Occasionally enters estuaries (Ref. 5723). Feeds mostly at night and mostly on aquatic insects and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 27547). Generally solitary but large aggregations have been noted (Ref. 27547). Makes regular seasonal migrations associated with spawning (Ref. 27547). Considered a forage fish for some salmonids (Ref. 1998). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; rubble; |
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Substrate Ref. | Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.20 | 0.26 | 3.09 | 0.36 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.35 | 0.46 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Brown, L.R., S.A. Matern and P.B. Moyle, 1995 |