Main Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
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Remarks | Occurs in coastal waters, estuaries, large lakes and rivers (Ref. 5723). Lake-dwelling populations appear to be non-migratory, while those found in streams or brackish water move considerable distances to reach or leave spawning sites (Ref. 27547). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on planktonic crustaceans and insects (Ref. 1998); also plant material (Ref. 27547) and fishes (Ref. 58426). Does not usually feed during its spawning run (Ref. 28219, 28860, 28861). Migratory forms are observed to live longer than fresh water forms (Ref. 1998). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.21 | 0.20 | 3.22 | 0.46 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.32 | 0.39 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bond, W.A. and R.N. Erickson, 1993 |