Ecology Summary - Clarias macrocephalus

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Main Ref.	Lim, P., S. Lek, S.T. Touch, S.-O. Mao and B. Chhouk, 1999
Remarks	Occurs in shallow, open water and is capable of lying buried in mud for lengthy period if ponds and lakes evaporate during dry seasons (Ref. 9987). Can move out of the water using its extended fins (Ref. 9987). Found in medium to large-sized rivers, stagnant water bodies including sluggish flowing canals and flooded fields of the Mekong (Ref. 12975). Spawns in small streams (Ref. 9987). Feeds on aquatic insects, young shrimps and small fishes (Ref. 6459).

Main Ref.

Lim, P., S. Lek, S.T. Touch, S.-O. Mao and B. Chhouk, 1999

Remarks

Occurs in shallow, open water and is capable of lying buried in mud for lengthy period if ponds and lakes evaporate during dry seasons (Ref. 9987). Can move out of the water using its extended fins (Ref. 9987). Found in medium to large-sized rivers, stagnant water bodies including sluggish flowing canals and flooded fields of the Mekong (Ref. 12975). Spawns in small streams (Ref. 9987). Feeds on aquatic insects, young shrimps and small fishes (Ref. 6459).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Clarias macrocephalus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.	Halwart, M. and M.V. Gupta, 2004

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Rainboth, W.J., 1996
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Taki, Y., 1978

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition
From individual food items	3.70	0.58			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Talde, C.M., A.C. Mamaril and M.L.D. Palomares, 2004

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