Main Ref. | Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
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Remarks | Found over soft bottoms of the continental shelf; sometimes forming schools near the surface (Ref. 5217). Feeds on fish, cephalopods, zooplankton and detritus (Ref. 28587, 57616). Juveniles common in brackish estuaries (Ref. 5217) and often associated with jellyfish. Larvae feed primarily on cladoceran Penilia avirostris, copepods and nauplii, and the number and size of prey increased with larval development (Ref. 75983). These are the main food item components of the larval diet in spring and summer. Larval feeding incidence was higher during the day and it increases as the larvae grow (Ref. 75983). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Diouf, P.S., 1996 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.54 | 0.21 | 3.23 | 0.53 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.53 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |