Main Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
---|---|
Remarks | Usually found in deeper waters in southern latitudes, while in northern areas making a summer migration to 40-100 m. Sluggish. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
---|---|
Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.52 | 3.53 | 0.63 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
From individual food items | 3.53 | 0.48 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Macpherson, E., 1979 |