| Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Prefers offshore reefs (Ref. 9710) and open marine waters (Ref. 26938). Juveniles often found near the shore on seagrass beds or often associated jellyfish or floating Sargassum (Ref. 5217). Feeds on small fishes (Ref. 26235). Piscivore (Ref. 57616). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Soft Bottom: mud; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Martin, F.D. and J.W. Patus, 1984 |
| Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; sea grass; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
| Ref. | Coupal, L., E. Bédard, C. Peguero and I.S. Durante, 1992 |
|---|---|
| Associations | solitary; |
| Associated with | Cleaned by Pomacanthus paru observed at the reefs of the Abrolhos Archipelago, off eastern Brazil (Ref. 40094). |
| Association remarks | Generally solitary but sometimes seen in small groups (Ref. 26235). |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.48 | 0.21 | 4.43 | 0.76 | Troph of juv./adults from 11 studies. |
| From individual food items | 4.50 | 0.80 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 | ||||