| อ้างอิงหลัก | Bardach, J.E., 1959 |
|---|---|
| ข้อสังเกต | Inhabits rocky or coral reefs (Ref. 9710). Feeds on brittle stars, crustaceans, mollusks, and sea urchins (Ref. 9710). Mobile invertebrate feeder (Ref. 57616, 126840). Cleaned by scarlet striped cleaner shrimp (Lysmata grabhami), goby (Gobiosoma evelynae and others), wrasse (Thalassoma trifasciatum), and hogfish (Bodianus rufus) as observed on the coral reefs in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (Ref. 36810). Also cleaned by Elacatinus figaro observed off the coast of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil (Ref. 40102) and by Halichoeres cyanocephalus observed off the coast of Espirito Santo, southeastern Brazil (Ref. 31373). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | : rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Coral Reefs; Other habitats: deep-water corals; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
| อ้างอิง | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | Juveniles actively pick parasites from larger fishes (Ref. 5521). |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| วิธีการให้อาหาร | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Bardach, J.E., 1959 |
| นิสัยในการกินอาหาร | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Bardach, J.E., 1959 |
| Estimation method | ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม | ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง | ข้อสังเกต | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร | 3.71 | 0.24 | 3.33 | 0.43 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
| จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด | 3.43 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| อ้างอิง | Randall, J.E., 1967 | ||||