Main Ref. | Westneat, M.W., 2001 |
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Remarks | Occurs inshore (Ref. 75154). Reported to be almost always associated with living coral reefs and juveniles are often found near black coral and gorgonians (Ref. 75973). Juveniles often shelter near black corals and gorgonians; also frequent cave ceilings (Ref. 8631). Feed mainly on benthic invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans. Juveniles regularly remove parasites from other fishes (Ref. 48636). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | Kuiter, R.H. and T. Tonozuka, 2001 |
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Associations | symbiosis; |
Associated with | Juveniles regularly remove parasites from other fishes (Ref. 48636). |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Westneat, M.W., 2001 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.50 | 0.48 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |