| Main Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | A schooling species, usually confined to oceanic salinities and with an optimum temperature between 27 and 27°C. Its larvae has the widest temperature tolerance among the tuna species studied, at least between 21.6 and 30.5°C. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Uchida, R.N., 1981 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.13 | 0.61 | |||
| From individual food items | 4.40 | 0.61 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Kumaran, M., 1964 | ||||