Main Ref. | Yoshiyama, R.M. and J.D.S. Darling, 1982 |
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Remarks | Occurs in the intertidal (common) and to 13 m depth (Ref. 2850). May remain out of water under rocks or seaweeds (Ref. 31184). Breathes air when out of water (Ref. 31184). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Yoshiyama, R.M. and J.D.S. Darling, 1982 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Boyle, K.S. and M.H. Horn, 2006 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.70 | 0.40 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 3.06 | 0.26 | Tentative trophic level derived from 1 + troph of a single food item | ||
Ref. | Boyle, K.S. and M.H. Horn, 2006 |