Main Ref. | Pauly, D., 1989 |
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Remarks | Feeds dominantly on fragmented salps and ctenophores and unidentifiable soft tissues (Ref. 51904). All the identified organisms in the stomachs are pelagic in habit and presumably obtained in the benthopelagic environment immediately above the sea bed (Ref. 51904). Parasites of the species include Lecithophyllum botryophorum, Derogenes varicus, Hemiurus levinseni, Lampritrema miescheri and L. nipponicum (trematodes) (Ref. 5951). Bathydemersal and oceanodromous. Schooling species. Found at water temperatures of 4°C-13°C. Juveniles are pelagic at 400-500m. Feeds on crustaceans, squids, arrow worms, comb jellies, and small fish (Ref. 117245). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2018 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott, 1988 |
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Associations | parasitism; schooling; |
Associated with | Lecithophyllum botryophorum; Derogenes varicus; Hemiurus levinseni, Lampritrema miescheri; L. nipponicum. |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Pauly, D., 1989 |
Feeding habit | selective plankton feeding |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.32 | 0.30 | 3.27 | 0.24 | Troph of adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.63 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |