Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
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Remarks | Inhabits rocky and coral reefs, on rocks, sand or rubble (Ref. 9710). Found in weedy estuaries along the east coast of southern Africa (Ref. 4113). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom Hard Bottom; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Shao, K.-T., C.-P. Lin, L.-T. Ho and P.-L. Lin, 1990 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.20 | 0.73 | 4.26 | 0.77 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 4.20 | 0.73 | Tentative trophic level derived from 1 + troph of a single food item | ||
Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |