Main Ref. | Sano, M., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose, 1984 |
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Remarks | Occupy an inshore habitat, often exposed to surge; may be found in at least 60 feet of water. Young feed primarily on small crustaceans and polychaetes, adults switch to larger crustaceans and mollusks as well as polychaetes (Ref. 1602). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sano, M., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose, 1984 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Sano, M., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose, 1984 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.28 | 0.52 | |||
From individual food items | 3.37 | 0.42 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Sano, M., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose, 1984 |