| Ref. principal | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |
|---|---|
| Notas | Occurs farther offshore in salinities of 30-36 ppt. Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 57178. Semi-demersal (Ref. 94884). Benthic; feeds on crustaceans and worms (Ref. 58426). Preyed upon by Atlantic cod, haddock, pollock, plaice, yellowtail flounder, seabirds, puffins and harbor seals. Parasites of the species include trematodes, Branchyphallus crenatus, Derogenes varicus and Lecithaster gibbosus; cestodes Bothriocephalus scorpii; a tetraphyllid larva; and a nematode Thynnascaris (Contracaecum) adunca (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrato | |
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| Substrato Ref. | |
| Habitats especiais | |
| Habitats especiais Ref. |
| Ref. | |
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| Associações | schooling; |
| Associada com | |
| Comentários sobre associação | Zooplanktivorous, semi-demersal, schooling perciforms that range in the Northwest Atlantic from Greenland to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA (Ref. 94884). |
| Parasitismo |
| Tipo de alimentação | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Tipo de alimentação Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2004 |
| Hábito alimentar | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Hábito de alimentação Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2004 |
| Estimation method | Amostra original | População virgem (não pescada) | Nota | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Da composição da dieta | 3.20 | 0.07 | 3.11 | 0.17 | Troph of adults from 3 studies. |
| Dos itens alimentares individuais | 3.27 | 0.38 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||